Recovery, Renewal, Resilience

Since the start of the pandemic there has reportedly been an increase in extremist narratives from a variety of groups. People (including vulnerable people who have been severely socially or economically impacted by the pandemic) are at risk of extremism which creates future security challenges. Organisations should remain vigilant about new and emerging threats to public safety and develop response plans that incorporate risks of extremist behaviour. Consider:

• Local assessments of old and new manifestations of local extremism which may have been exacerbated or triggered by the pandemic. Consider the form it takes, (potential) harm caused, and scale of mitigation or response strategies needed
• Developing interventions for those most susceptible to extremist narratives, this may include new groups e.g. a rise in far right groups, and conspiracy theory groups committing arson on 5G towers as they believe them to be the cause of COVID-19
• Assessing groups which have become more at risk since COVID-19 and increased public protections measures and support for these groups e.g. East Asian and South East Asian (since COVID, hate crimes towards this group has increased by 21%)
• Developing COVID-19 cohesion strategy to help bring different communities together to prevent extremist narratives from having significant reach and influence
• Working with researchers and practitioners to build a better understanding of 'what works' in relation to counter extremism online and offline. This should include consideration of dangerous conspiracy theories, and their classification based on the harm they cause

Children with hearing loss return will increasingly come into contact with other school students and members of staff wearing masks. Consider how to optimise communication with children with hearing loss by adapting the use of face coverings in schools:

• Use face shields instead of masks as these have been reported to improve communication through visual cues and lip reading
• Be aware of how sound may be reduced when wearing a face shield so utilise technology such as personal microphones to mitigate loss of sound
• Ensure staff's face is visible to children by mitigating fogging of face shields by rubbing a small amount of soap, using an 'anti fogging' spray, or inserting a folded facial tissue between the face and top edge of the mask
• Remind staff of basic communication strategies such as use of clear speech. This can include clear enunciation, speaking slowly, minimizing background noise as much as possible, and facing the class while speaking. Teachers should also remember to repeat the questions and answers provided by other students in the classroom to provide a better opportunity for every child to hear peers' comments
• Offer a recorded version of the lesson whether this is in written or video form, or speech-to-text technology to provide real-time notation

To avoid singling out students with hearing loss, teachers can develop a silent communication system with the student to signal comprehension or misunderstanding e.g. a card system where a red card on the child's desk indicates their need for assistance and a green card indicates comprehension.

Planning for the mass gathering of people after a disaster amid COVID-19 is essential to mitigate the transmission of disease. Mass gatherings may occur at health facilities, evacuation shelters, or distribution centres supporting the immediate needs of those affected by a disaster. Consider adapting plans for mass gatherings at sites such as health facilities to accommodate COVID-19 safety measures including:

• Identify facilities for phased relocation of hospitalised patients to manage the influx of new patients considering risks of COVID transmission
• Outline capacity arrangements for on-site emergency care, and special care options for people with pre-existing conditions who are at increased risk of the virus
• Identify resources for further disease outbreaks to counter the increased burden of additional infections and strains on resources (e.g. PPE) that are needed to mitigate COVID-19 transmissions
• Revise estimates of requirements for shelters and transportation for mass movement of people. Increase estimates by at least a 3-times to account for physical distancing
• Maintain an inventory of available dwellings (e.g.school buildings, community halls, places of worship) that will allow enough space for socially distance emergency accommodation
• Plan for distribution centres that distribute basic necessities such as food and medicine. Consider capitalising on community engagement at these sites to continue pandemic risk communication

The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in countries closing their borders at short notice, and the suspension or severe curtailing of transport. These measures have implications for those who are not in their country of residence including those working, temporarily living, or holidaying abroad. At the time of the first outbreak, over 200,000 EU citizens were estimated to be stranded outside of the EU, and faced difficulties returning home[1].

As travel restrictions for work and holidays ease amidst the ongoing pandemic, but as the possibility of overnight changes to such easements, there is an increased need to consider how repatriations may be managed. This includes COVID-safe travel arrangements for returning citizens, the safety of staff, and the effective test and trace of those returning home. Facilitating the swift and safe repatriation of people via evacuation flights or ground transport requires multiple state and non-state actors. Significant attention has been given to the amazing efforts of commercial and chartered flights in repatriating citizens, but less focus has been paid to the important role that emergency services can play in supporting repatriation efforts.

In the US, air ambulance teams were deployed to support 39 flights, repatriating over 2,000 individuals. Air ambulance teams were able to supplement flights and reduced over reliance on commercial flights for repatriations (a critique of the UK response[2]). This required monumental effort from emergency service providers. After medical screening or treatment at specific facilities, emergency services (such as police) helped to escort people to their homes to ensure they had accurate public health information and that they understood they should self-isolate.

Authorities should consider how to work with emergency services to develop plans for COVID-19 travel scenarios, to better understand how to capitalise on and protect the capacity and resources of emergency services. Consider how to:

• Develop emergency plans that include a host of emergency service personnel who have technical expertise, and know their communities. Plans should[3]:
  • Be trained and practiced
  • Regularly incorporate best practices gained from previous lessons learned
• Build capacity in emergency services to support COVID-19 operations through increased staffing and resources
• Anticipate and plan for adequate rest periods for emergency service staff before they go back on call during an emergency period
• Protect emergency service staff. Pay special attention to safe removal and disposal of PPE to avoid contamination, including use of a trained observer[4] / “spotter”[5] who:
  • is vigilant in spotting defects in equipment;
  • is proactive in identifying upcoming risks;
  • follows the provided checklist, but focuses on the big picture;
  • is informative, supportive and well-paced in issuing instructions or advice;
  • always practices hand hygiene immediately after providing assistance

Consideration can also be given to what happens to repatriated citizens when they arrive in their country of origin. In Victoria (Australia), research determined that 99% of COVID-19 cases since the end of May could be traced to two hotels housing returning travellers in quarantine[6]. Lesson learnt from this case suggest the need to:

• Ensure clear and appropriate advice for any personnel involved in repatriation and subsequent quarantine of citizens
• Ensure training modules for personnel specifically relates to issues of repatriation and subsequent quarantine and is not generalised. Ensure training materials are overseen by experts and are up-to-date
• Strategically use law enforcement (and army personnel) to provide assistance to a locale when mandatory quarantine is required
• Be aware that some citizens being asked to quarantine may have competing priorities such as the need to provide financially.
• Consider how to understand these needs and provide localised assistance to ensure quarantine is not broken

References:

[1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/649359/EPRS_BRI(2020)649359_EN.pdf

[2] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-53561756

[3] https://ancile.tech/how-to-manage-repatriation-in-a-world-crisis/

[4] https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/ppe-training/trained-observer/observer_01.html

[5] https://www.airmedicaljournal.com/article/S1067-991X(20)30076-6/fulltext

[6] https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/aug/18/hotel-quarantine-linked-to-99-of-victorias-covid-cases-inquiry-told

To read this case study in its original format follow the source link below to TMB Issue 21 (p.20-21)

We describe perspectives on recovery strategy as it has been broadly configured in relation to a variety of crisis events and the effects that recovery has had. We then elaborate on the idea of Repair as an aspect of Renewal that needs to be considered if we are to attend to the shortcomings of recovery. This briefing takes steps towards putting Repair into practice by offering recommendations for its integration into policy.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 21 (p.2-7).

Local government are producing online materials to help people understand what has happened during response and what is meant by the next phase of COVID-19. This can communicate expectations and align aspirations for what recovery may involve. Consider:

• Producing a short video on how the response effort aims to support people and businesses
• Producing a short video on Recovery and Renewal
• Encouraging widespread dissemination of the video to households, classrooms, offices, waiting rooms, public spaces, social media
• Reach the widest audience by providing the video in different languages

Watch Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council's video: https://www.barnsley.gov.uk/services/health-and-wellbeing/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-covid-19-recovery-plan-for-barnsley/

Sharing information is a powerful way to relate the changing situation of the COVID-19 crisis to the public. We know that local information is best for keeping people up-to-date on how the virus is affecting people in their area – essentially, by communicating what is happening in their local community. Boise State University (Idaho) have developed an online interactive dashboard to communicate an array of information to the public about Idaho State and its counties. Johns Hopkins University provides a similar dashboard for global cases of COVID-19, providing country-level information. Consider providing:

• An interactive map of the area for the public clicked on and drill down to access area-specific information
• Colour coded areas of the region to communicate comparisons across key measures
• Updates of the number of cases and deaths presented numerically and graphically
• Layer on information on where to get local support i.e. available community resources
• Providing updates of:
  • key behaviours that officials want the public to adopt
  • changes in guidelines
  • significant decisions made by the crisis committee
• The date/time when the information was last updated
• The dashboard in relevant languages for the area

In the USA, the impacts of natural disasters are being felt more frequently and earlier than expected. As a result, emergency planning for potential evacuation is of increasing importance. Consider: Locale specific, local guidance on evacuating safely during the pandemic:

• Reviewing agreements and plans with neighbouring regions to provide mutual aid resources
• Adequate stocks of personal protective equipment for staff, and to distribute to evacuees and residents at risk of evacuation
• Adequate stocks of COVID-19 testing kits to evacuation centres to avoid spread of the virus during evacuation
• Capacity to perform temperature checks on all arrivals at shelters
• Ensure residents are prepared to make plans for alternative arrangements during an evacuation such as staying with friends/family, or in hotels, rather than relying on communal shelters (which should be the last option)
• Ensure residents have adequately prepared for an evacuation and understand they should bring their own personal bedding and care items to mitigate transmission

Accelerating the use of online digital tools for improved resilience and pandemic preparedness is important for reducing the risk of transmission of the virus, for reaching a wider audience, and for sharing best practice more effectively.

However, when digitizing activities, it is important to consider those who may not have online access due to remoteness, digital illiteracy, and/or the costs of (smart)phones and mobile data, and to ensure important information still reaches these communities. This may be done by adapting activities into written or picture format, or providing necessary resources or training. Consider raising awareness of activities, training, and ways of organising the community:

• Raising awareness:
  • Conduct face-to-face health and hazard awareness programmes through infographics, podcasts, and videos on WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter
  • Use platforms that provide health advice about COVID-19 to raise awareness of other diseases that may have similar symptom e.g. influenza, dengue etc.
  • Use online community engagement as an opportunity to raise awareness about other risks, and resilience strategies e.g. flooding
• Training:
  • Establish 'community brigades' that can help prepare the community for emergency situations - educate and train them by creating and sharing instructional videos
  • Share podcasts promoting COVID-19 safety measures with local leaders and authorities, who play them on loudspeakers in the community
• Organising the community:
  • Develop virtual community networks that support the community to organise themselves, working with local leaders, authorities, schoolteachers etc. who can disseminate information widely
  • Conduct regular follow-up calls with community leaders to create feedback channels and to help monitor local situations

A guest briefing, by Michael Palin (GC Consulting), outlines the key challenges and considerations for local government in advance of the 'Recovery and Devolution' White Paper 2020.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 20 (p.2-9).

FEMA (USA) has made freely available some training materials on a range of topics. The trainings below are not specific to COVID-19 but are helpful to the broader issues of planning for emergencies. These links are to just the slides, but they provide a helpful background and sources for further study. Consider reviewing the materials in the following FEMA courses:

• Animals in Disasters: Awareness and Preparedness
• Animals in Disasters: Community Planning
• An Introduction to Exercises
• Leadership and Influence
• Decision Making and Problem Solving
• Effective Communication
• Developing and Managing Volunteers

Each of these courses have online materials available on the URLs given above - often over 100 slides are freely available.

We propose key considerations for local governments when managing wide-ranging change, such as that induced by a complex, rapid and uncertain events like COVID-19. Identifying and understanding the types of change and the extent to which change can be proactive rather than reactive, can help to support the development of resilience in local authorities and their communities.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 19 (p.2-6).

There is a glut of information on COVID-19 and more often we are seeing news outlets attempting to check and correct misinformation that be being shared. This should aim to ensure that the public have conclusions about the virus which are substantiated, correct, and without political interference. Myths can be debunked, misinformation corrected, and poor advice challenged. Consider whether to:

• Provide your own fact-checking website
• Contribute to others' fact-checking sources
• Check facts of colleagues and partners to ensure correct information prevails
• Remind others of the importance of not spreading misinformation and checking other peoples' facts
• Link your website to official sources of information so not to promulgate misinformation

The public know that there are vast amounts of money being committed to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in many countries they do not know how much this is costing as the spending is constantly being adjusted as new responses and recovery initiatives are released. Consider producing an easy to read statement to make the costs transparent. See Japan's example: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100061342.pdf

The "Three Cs" are:

• Closed spaces
• Crowded places
• Close-contact settings

Advising people to avoid these three Cs may contribute to a communications message to prevent new outbreaks.

Part 3: Building on TMB 16 and 17, we present a detailed view of how to assess the performance of the system of resilience before/during/after COVID-19. This briefing presents a comprehensive Annex of aspects against which performance can be considered.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 18 (p.2-7).

FEMA (USA) make freely available training materials on a range of topics which are of relevance to the current pandemic. The list of training below is not specific to COVID-19 but is helpful for the broader issues of planning for emergencies and commanding emergency response to incidents. These links are to just the slides, but they provide a helpful background and sources for further study. Consider reviewing the materials in the following FEMA courses:

• Emergency Planning
• Fundamentals of Emergency Management
• Introduction to the Incident Command System
• Basic Incident Command System for Initial Response
• An Introduction to the National Incident Management System
• National Response Framework: An Introduction

Each of these courses have online materials available on the URLs given above - often over 100 slides are freely available.

The all-of society impact of COVID-19 has required many organisations to adapt their operating procedures and deliver alternative activities, including frontline emergency services such as the Police, Fire Brigade, Ambulance and Search and Rescue organisations. We provide examples of first responder adaptation during COVID-19 to demonstrate how frontline services have modified their operations to help tackle the crisis.

Alternative activities undertaken by emergency services

• Supporting health and social care: In California (USA), the National Guard deployed rapid medical strike teams to assist overwhelmed health/nursing facilities[1]. Strike teams involved 8-10 people (e.g. included doctors, nurses, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, behavioural health professionals). Strike teams worked across 25 nursing homes – staying on-site for 3-6 days to establish stability of care, disinfected facilities, and staffed mobile COVID-19 testing sites2.
• House-to-house testing: In Guayaquil (Ecuador)municipal taskforces (involving firefighters, medics, and city workers) went house-to-house looking for potential cases[2] . Similarly, in Cambridge (USA), Fire Department paramedics were enlisted to go door-to-door in public housing developments that predominantly housed the elderly and younger disabled tenants to offer Covid-19 tests to residents[3]
• Disinfecting public spaces: In Pune (India) , sanitary workers disinfected and fumigated public areas[4]
• Managing sanitation services: In Ganjam (India), the fire brigade supported the COVID-19 effort by heading the country’s sanitation programme[5]
• Delivering food/medication parcels to vulnerable people: In West Bengal (India), all police stations were made responsible for delivering food and medication to those who are vulnerable and sheltering to avoid food scarcity - the programme was monitored by the State’s District Magistrates and Police Superintendents[6]. In Georgia (USA), a similar scheme involved police officers delivering groceries/medicine to vulnerable people who had placed/paid for orders[7]
• Distributing $100 gift cards: In Smyrna (USA), police handed out $100 gift cards from a community grocery assistance fund to help vulnerable residents purchase essential items[8]
• Counteracting misinformation: In Göttingen (Germany), clashes with tower block residents under enforced lockdown were caused by communication problems between authorities and residents. Translators, working through first responding services, communicated important public health information to relevant residents in German and Romanian via text messaging[9]

Consider the demand for alternative activities from emergency services

To determine how, when and where emergency services can support alternative activities, consider:

• The demand for alternative support:
  • Identify current needs where additional capacity to deliver activities is required
  • Identify future areas where demand is foreseeable, and where additional capacity may need to be built e.g. through retraining
• How responders can support alternative activities[10]:
  • Identify potential capacity in responder organisations, or how this capacity can be created, protected, and prioritised, and how long this capacity may be available[11]
  • Obtain strategic-level agreement on the direction, scope and parameters of the alternative activities
  • Gather information to understand activities e.g. from partner databases, existing measures, knowledgeable people
  • Assess the impact of redeploying staff to other activities and the effects of this on their ability, and the organisation’s ability to cope[12]
• Preparing redeployed resources:
  • Identify and source training and safety measures required to redeploy staff to alternative activities (including health and wellbeing of staff and the public)[13]
  • Capability of the resources, including:
    • Transactional activities i.e. single short-term actions
    • Transformational activities i.e. complex, interconnected, longer-term actions needing strategic partnerships

Consider the benefits to the emergency services from delivering alternative activities

The involvement of emergency services in alternative activities has the potential to increase services’ visibility in communities which can help build community trust and engagement[14], reduce misinformation and non-compliance to COVID-19, and bolster local multi-agency partnerships for a more efficient and effective response and recovery[15].

On benefits, consider:

• Working with partners to capitalise on increased contact with marginalised and vulnerable communities e.g. from door-to-door visits. This may include:
  • Addressing additional social or health issues, fire safety, safeguarding, or referral to other services
  • Community engagement activities and visible street presence through renewing the Neighbourhood Watch Scheme and police Safer Neighbourhood Teams[16]
• Developing joint local/national approaches to provide alternative response to support COVID-19 activities. This may include:
  • Emergency services delivering essential items like food and medicines to vulnerable people, driving ambulances, assisting ambulance staff, attending homes of people who have fallen but are not injured[17],[18]
  • Increase multi-agency coordination with civil organisations should be central in the design and review measures for COVID-19 response and recovery[19]
• How to capitalise on increased community engagement and volunteerism to help disseminate public health information. Consider working with volunteer and civil society organisations that are close to communities and know their specific needs to:
  • Increase capacity for response and recovery considering short and long-term requirements of the need, and of volunteers
  • Translate and disseminate timely information in relevant languages and tackle misinformation[20]
  • Build relationships in the community to encourage adherence to COVD-19 behaviours, especially with people who have not had previous contact with emergency services
  • Enhance community engagement and information sharing to combat misinformation and non-compliance about COVID-19 working with Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs)18
    

[1] https://www.cpr.org/2020/08/06/national-guard-helps-fill-long-term-care-staff-shortages-in-california/

[2] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/22/ecuador-guayaquil-mayor-

[3] https://www.cambridgeday.com/2020/05/16/plans-to-test-most-vulnerable-for-covid-19-evolve-enlisting-fire-paramedics-to-visit-public-housing/

[4] http://cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_pune.pdf

[5] https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/aug/07/ganjam-to-conduct-home-survey-again-as-cases-rise-2180291.html

[6] https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-lockdown-police-stations-will-take-responsibility-to-deliver-food-at-doorsteps-says-mamata-banerjee/story-YOYnHAdwmTHAZzzcTLYYuI.html

[7] https://cobbcountycourier.com/2020/04/smyrna-police-deliver-food-and-medicine-to-seniors/

[8] https://cobbcountycourier.com/2020/04/smyrna-police-deliver-food-and-medicine-to-seniors/

[9] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53131941

[10] The Manchester Briefing on COVID-19. Fifteenth briefing: Week beginning 13th July 2020. ambs.ac.uk/covidrecovery

[11] https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NGA-Memo_Concurrent-Emergencies_FINAL.pdf

[12] https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/strategy/resourcing/transferable-skills-redeploying-during-COVID-19

[13] https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/03/C0666_Redeploying-your-secondary-care-medical-workforce-safely-v-2_14July.pdf

[14] https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/engagement-and-communication/engaging-with-communities/

[15] https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25788&LangID=E

[16] https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policing-a-Pandemic.pdf

[17] https://www.nationalfirechiefs.org.uk/News/Page-2/covid-19-firefighters-to-deliver-food-and-medicines-drive-ambulances-and-retrieve-bodies/249304

[18] https://www.westyorksfire.gov.uk/news/fire-service-staff-volunteer-to-help-people-get-back-on-their-feet-during-coronavirus-pandemic/

[19] https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25788&LangID=E

[20] https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jul/06/melbourne-towers-residents-translated-covid-19-information-sheet-into-10-different-languages-in-24-hours

Mongolia's government took early, decisive preventative measures to fight COVID-19. Reports suggest that its 3.2m population have contained the virus to (at the time of writing) 287 confirmed cases and 0 deaths. Mongolia's weak health system and links to epicentres of COVID-19 (China with which it shares a land border, and South Korea with a large population of Mongolian migrant workers), suggests it could be hard-hit by COVID-19. Following WHO's advice on 22nd January 2020, containment action included:

• Immediate activation of the State Emergency Commission to support the Ministry of Health
• On 25th January, closed all schools and kindergartens, transferring classes to TV and internet-based lessons
• In mid-February, implemented preventative measures e.g. cancelled a national holiday, stopped travel between the capital (Ulaanbaatar) and provinces
• Closed borders with China and Russia to all land and air travel
• 21-day quarantine and testing for citizens who returned from overseas
• Enforced wearing of masks with additional handwashing and sanitisation

These actions also helped reduce flu infections and gastro-intestinal infections.

Government organisations in India have been directing substantial effort to tackling the crisis. Part of this effort has involved producing a series of case study articles on how cities have tackled COVID-19. The actions those cities have implemented contain lessons which are transferable on: managing the spread of the virus, the use of technology, communication approaches, approaches to governance, and the participation of the community. Sharing case studies is a great contribution to the local, national and international effort to tackle the virus. Consider preparing case studies similar to:

• In Pune, how it took a people-based approach to responding to hotspot areas: https://www.cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_pune.pdf
• In Karnataka, how it worked with the IT sector to develop its technological approach to responding to the effects of COVID-19: http://cdri.world/casestudy/response-to-covid19-by-Karnataka.pdf
• In Goa, how it repurposed manufacturing capacity to produce hand sanitizer, and recovering production capacity of its pharmaceutical industry: http://cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_goa.pdf
• In Odisha, how women lead the fight against COVID-19 and child-focused interventions: http://cdri.world/casestudy/response-to-covid19-by-odisha.pdf

In all, there are eight case studies on the site, all detailing different approaches to responding to COVID-19.

Other case studies to consider:

Lahaul and Spiti:

http://cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_lahaul-and-spiti.pdf

Jharkhand:

http://cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_Jharkhand.pdf

Madhya Prades:

http://cdri.world/casestudy/response_to_covid19_by_madhya_pradesh.pdf

Processing information on coronavirus can be stressful. Consider how detailed information can be publicly shared, displayed and disseminated in an engaging and simple way, for example, through an infographic. The audience of the infographic should be clear but may include stakeholders, staff, citizens, tourists, customers, suppliers, volunteers, etc. Consider creating an infographic that includes:

• Number of people affected, recovered, died, tested, traced
• Number of volunteers, business contributions, donations, and the scope of effects they have had on COVID-19 response and recovery
• Number of travellers, visitors, business trips into the country/city
• Distribution of supplies and services e.g. PPE, number of service beneficiaries
• Other local government duties performed during the period of COVID-19 response and success of those
• Where to get more information from
• The date of the information contained in the infographic

Much information can be included and a regular circulation of such a graphic may keep stakeholders updated in an engaging way.

In early April 2020, the category 5 tropical cyclone named Harold formed in the South Pacific basin. Around 6th April, Cyclone Harold hit the small cluster of islands of Vanuatu with gusts above 275km and 10-18 inches of rain water. There was widespread destruction, flooding, evacuation shelters were activated, ships were grounded on beaches, and many of other significant impacts.

To explain to interested parties what happened during the run up to, and aftermath of, Cyclone Harold, Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office produced a timeline of what happened, major decisions, and timings. This was made publicly available on their website to be an authoritative record of the events. It provides transparency to the sorts of activities that happened in the lead up to, and aftermath of, the cyclone hitting land - making the public aware of the work of emergency managers and responders.

Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office are also producing a timeline that shows the major activities and decisions taken for COVID-19: https://ndmo.gov.vu/covid-19/timeline-covid-19-tc-harold.

National Voices, a coalition of English health and social care charities, published its report on 'Five principles for the next phase of the COVID-19 response'. Their five principles seek to ensure that policy changes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic meet the needs of people and engage with citizens affected most by the virus and lockdown, especially those with underlying health concerns. They advocate that the future should be more compassionate and equal, with people's rights at its centre. The principles have been developed based on dialogues with hundreds of charities and people living with underlying health conditions. Consider how your policy changes:

• Actively engage with, consult, co-produce, and act on the concerns of those most impacted by policy changes that may profoundly affect their lives
• Make everyone matter, leave no-one behind as all lives, all people, in all circumstances, matter so needs to be weighed up the same in any Government policy
• Confront inequality head-on as, "we're all in the same storm, but we're not all in the same boat" e.g. difference in finances, work/living conditions, personal characteristics
• Recognise people, not categories, by strengthening personalised care and rethinking the category of 'vulnerable' to be more holistic, beyond health-related vulnerabilities
• Value health, care, connection, friendship, and support equally as people need more than medicine, and charities and communities need to be enabled to help

In many countries, myths around the origin, transmission and even existence of COVID-19 are rife. In Argentina, public health experts have successfully worked with the Catholic Church to go door-to-door at the community level to dispel inaccuracies about the virus. This included working to reduce people's fears over providing information for contact tracing. The Church has also provided their buildings to house vulnerable people unable to isolate due to crowded living conditions in slums. Consider:

• The strength of message that local voices can add to public communications about behavioural changes to tackle COVID-19
• Coordination between government officials and faith-based/civil society organisations to ensure the most vulnerable are able to register for COVID-19 support and information
• Using local religious buildings to assist gathering or disseminating COVID-19 information in the community as these are well-known
• The role of faith-based/civil society organisations in disseminating information in multiple languages, or to those without access to the internet or regular news updates
• How working with faith-based/civil society organisations increases localised access to populations affected by directly and indirectly by COVID-19 - socially those who may not be integrated into the system e.g. the homeless

Reference: Public Health expert, Argentina

To prepare for the impact of a natural disaster alongside COVID-19, research should focus on modelling natural hazards beside epidemiological risks. This can inform public health responses to manage, for example, the dual challenges of dealing with the effects of flooding and preventing localised COVID-19 outbreaks). Consider pre-emptive strategies to counter the compounded risks of COVID-19 and natural hazards:

• Identify possible pandemic-natural disaster hybrid scenarios including worst-case scenarios
• Work with multiple organisations to build new hybrid forecast models that combine existing pandemic projection models and natural hazard forecasting
• Consider seasonal weather forecasting models in advance and their impact on transmission and health and response capacity
• Re-design response plans to focus on COVID-19 restrictions e.g. impacts on emergency aid distribution, involvement of volunteers, access to PPE, providing shelter, food distribution
• Exercise the impact of concurrent emergencies to identify key learning and integrate that learning refreshing plans in the light of COVID-19

Part 2: We build on TMB 16 and consider how to apply the VSM's 5 systems to understand and debrief on experiences of COVID-19 in a structured, systems manner.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below (p.2-6).

Part 1: We begin by exploring how the experience of COVID-19 prompts consideration of what national and local (ambitious) renewal of systems to develop resilience to crises and major emergencies could look like. We present a model of 5 systems: operational delivery; coordination; management; intelligence; and policy. This briefing elevates thinking from the performance of individual organisations into considering the performance of the system as a whole.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 16 (p.2-7).

Spare capacity is expensive when it is not being used so, in many cases, systems are lean and focus on maximising their utilisation, ongoing value for money, efficiency and return on initial investment. However, this reduces ability to rapidly access capacity and to react quickly in emergency situations. During the early stages of COVID-19 in different countries we witnessed the attempt to delay the impact of the virus so that the system could create needed capacity in areas of healthcare. This time was used to create spare capacity by freeing up beds, sourcing equipment and supplies expected to be needed, preparing staff, identifying processes to pause or reduce to redeploy resources to more critical activities, retrain staff in other critical activities. As countries analyse the potential of future waves of the pandemic, consider:

• What important services are/have been stretched to (or exceed) maximum capacity during the response e.g. healthcare (intensive care), schools (number of socially distanced pupils in classrooms)
• Where demand for important services could exceed available capacity during recovery and Renewal e.g. provision of mental health support, financial advice, unemployment services, retraining
• Where spare capacity should be built into the system so that an appropriate response can be rapidly provided to emergencies e.g. ongoing response to COVID-19, concurrent emergencies, future outbreaks of the virus
• How spare capacity can be created, protected, and prioritised for rapid use when needed
• The need for spare capacity on an ongoing basis after the crisis lessens

Reference: Interview with German Fire Department

In Melbourne (Australia), residents of a tower block on hard lockdown put together an information sheet for the predominantly non-English speaking community to explain the government's measures. The information sheet was translated into ten written, and five oral languages within 24 hours. The information sheet was then distributed among residents within the tower via text and WhatsApp and to community networks to help disseminate government messaging to communities more widely. Consider:

• Assessing whether your organisation has information translated sufficiently for the communities it interacts with
• How to effectively disseminate information to marginalised communities, and the networks most adept at doing this
• How to engage with networks that can access marginalised people in their communities, through religious or social networks to assess if needs are being met and if information is being received and understood
• The efficiency of utilising community networks to identify different languages and cultures, and their proficiency in translating key public health messages

Tracking public opinion can provide insights into how a society is coping with rapid change, and provides organisations with data that can influence decision-making. During a pandemic this is particularly important as complex information is shared with the public at speed, understanding how this is being understood can help develop evidence-based interventions to support the population. Consider collecting the following types of public opinion information to inform recovery strategies:

• Perceptions of COVID-19 threats to the country, and to individuals
• Use of health services and health seeking behaviours e.g. how comfortable individuals are seeking treatment from hospitals or GPs
• Perceptions of health and care services and how well specific services are managing the pandemic
• Impacts on individuals' sleeping
• Perceptions of local, region or national partnerships e.g. businesses working with local authorities to combat COVID-19
• Impacts of COVID-19 on personal finances, whether positive, negative or neutral
• Perceptions of government performance in dealing with recovery

The population's outlook on getting 'back to normal'

Introduction

As local resilience partnerships establish Recovery Coordinating Groups (RCG), this week we talk about impact assessments using details from: HMG Guidance[1], previous briefings (Week 8), and our video[2].

Establish the RCG for COVID-19

When setting up an RCG there are a number of considerations, including:

• the administrative level – the level of the RCG and how it relates to other district/county RCGs
• collaboration – how will strategic partners: align ambitions for partnership-wide recovery/renewal; establish protocols to share information; and agree which activities for each administrative level RCG
• membership – led by local authorities and include organisations with a people, place or economic focus as well as Cat 1 responders
• agree strategic objectives – to support the recovery and renewal of people, place, and processes

Commission an impact assessment

Impact assessments will feed into RCG, either by direct commission or through a strategic coordination group. The assessment will explore the strategic effects of COVID-19, their impacts, specific or emerging system-wide needs or inequalities, and opportunities to improve. National Recovery Guidance1 describes the process of conducting an Impact Assessment as in the graphic:

Collect the consequences

We suggest that the complexity of COVID-19 means the impact assessment should be as strategic and straightforward as possible. RCGs should have strategic-level agreement on the direction, scope and parameters for the impact assessment. Then, strategic information from many sources is needed to fully understand impacts e.g. from partner databases, existing measures, knowledgeable people, surveys, interviews/workshops, or other sources that unlock the impacts on people, place, and processes.

Talking to knowledgeable people should aim to ensure that the assessment does not gather thousands of comments which cloud more than they clarify. A straightforward approach, targeting knowledgeable groups who can support the process, will put more focus on the quality of their insight than on the number of people consulted or number of comments made. For example, consider whether the impact assessment would be better informed if it is more than:

• a single question e.g.: “What significant consequences has COVID-19 had on your area of work?”
• asked to all partners or cell leaders who will consult knowledgeable people as required
• to provide their top 8 consequences on their service delivery to people, place, processes and identify:
  • Is it an effect, impact, or opportunity?
  • What is its impact rating (e.g. ‘positive, limited, moderate, severe’)?
  • Should it be addressed in the short-term or longer-term?

Using this approach, if 15 cells are running then 120-150 significant consequences would be gathered – so to understand these and design corrective actions is a substantial activity. Magnify that ten-fold (in the number of questions, consultees or consequences) and the task becomes unwieldy either collecting overlapping consequences or ones of lower significant.

Analyse the consequences

To make sense of the comments, group the comments into the 6 core topics to:

• validate their diversity and broad-based nature;
• identify recurring and complementary topics of significance;
• provide a basis to identify follow-on actions

Within each core topic, grouping comments by the 38 sub-topics (in the graphic) may bring added clarity of what really are the key issues to address.

Understand the rationale

To understand the rationale for addressing core topics, consider the:

• Baseline – to identify the pre-COVID-19 state of the situation that you are considering changing
• Effect – the immediate consequence of COVID-19 on the baseline
• Impact – the wider/secondary impact of COVID-19 on the baseline/effect

Develop recovery actions

RCG should now be ready to develop recovery actions for significant consequences. Actions may be:

• Transactional – a single, straightforward, short-term action by an organisation
• Transformational – a longer-term portfolio of action by a strategic partnership of organisations to deliver a complex web of interconnected, democratically significant, renewal activity

Actions can be at three levels of comprehensiveness depending on scale and timing:

• Immediate Recovery Action – an organisation delivering a transactional action to address an effect
• Wider Recovery Action – a partnership delivering a series of transactional actions to address an effect
• Strategic Renewal Action – a partnership delivering transformational actions to address a strategic impact or opportunity

Understanding the baseline, can identify effects and impacts. These can be addressed with immediate, wider or strategic actions depending on the desired scale, motivation, and funding available, as in the graphic.

Deliver recovery actions

RCG must decide the priority for each action by evaluating its likelihood, effort, motivation, capability, capacity, duration, and resources needed, and its impact on reputation from (not) pursuing it.

For more details contact: duncan.shaw-2@manchester.ac.uk & david.powell@manchester.ac.uk

References:

[1] https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-recovery-guidance

[2] Video on ‘Planning Recovery and Renewal’ www.ambs.ac.uk/covidrecovery

In Pakistan, a National Immunization Support Project (NISP) supported by the World Bank has developed wider strategic collaborations to transform immunization by increasing vaccination coverage and strengthening existing systems and mechanisms. At the heart of NISP is a pooled procurement mechanism and governance structures which successfully sourced vaccines for Provinces and provided an uninterrupted supply for the past 4 years in an efficient and collaborative manner. When COVID-19 hit, NISP: (1) had a series of trusted partners, so repurposed its trusted procurement mechanism e.g. to procure PPE for health care workers; and, (2) was a trusted partner itself, so provided its own expertise to other partners beyond its usual remit e.g. to provide financial management governance to oversee funds. Inspired by (1), consider how your organisation can repurpose trusted partnerships and identify:

• Major issues that are troublesome due to limited effective partnerships available to support
• Where trusted strategic partnerships are already established and proven to be working well
• How strategic partners can expand their collaboration to address the troublesome issues
• The blockers, how to overcome them, and to expand the partnership to support response

Inspired by (2), consider how your organisation is the trusted partner that can help others and identify:

• What general expertise your organisation has and is able to provide in support to partners
• How your organisation can repurpose key skills and capabilities to go beyond its usual remit to offer support as a trusted partner
• How your organisation can provide its normal services whilst providing support to response
• The blockers, and how to overcome them, to provide your capabilities to others' response

We discuss enforced lockdowns and restrictions on movements, combined with challenges posed by public demonstrations and protests which resulted in police needing to navigate complex and dynamic relationships with the communities they serve. This briefing provides reflections from the USA and Australia on policing to enforce local lockdowns, and manage civil unrest during COVID-19.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TBM Issue 15 (p.2-8).

As countries begin to open their border to international travel, there is much to consider, not least the information provided to travellers before they leave your country, as they travel, and as they enter your country.

Information provided to travellers before they leave their country is key, so travellers can prepare themselves to travel to an overseas destination with the right supplies and knowing the expected behaviours. This is especially important during COVID-19 where countries have differing regulations regarding social distancing, travel within the country, and fines. Consider providing a government-issued ‘safer travel information sheet’[1] and advising travellers to download it before they leave the country. The information sheet could cover:

• Travel advisory for the country they are to visit
• Behaviours and supplies needed for COVID safe travel and at the destination e.g. face masks
• How to travel safely on all legs of the trip (from home to final destination) e.g. not arriving too early at departure points, ticketing, parking
• Expectations for safe travel practices such as social distancing, required face coverings and when/how to wear masks
• Tips for travelling using all types of transport e.g. cars, aircraft, ferries
• Exemptions for people e.g. who does not need to wear a face covering
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information

The travel industry has a central role in advising travellers of travel-related and destination-specific COVID-19 information. The travel industry can provide advice to:[2], [3]

• Prepare travellers for practical departure and arrival procedures e.g. temperature sensors, health declaration forms
• Practice COVID-19 behaviours whilst travelling e.g. mask wearing, personal interactions, expectations on children and infirm
• Provide up to date information to travellers on the COVID-19 situation in the arrival country and how to access current information during their stay
• Identify what travellers should do if they suspect they have symptoms during their stay and before they travel home
• Inform travellers of mandatory acts on arrival, such as registering or downloading a mandated track and trace phone app
• Educate travellers on the local expectation for behaving safely in the country and local means of enforcement
• Detail what travellers should do on arrival e.g. quarantine, self-isolation, in the case of a local lockdown
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information
• Penalties for non-compliance with local requirements for COVID-19

When travellers land in a different country, or even return to their home country, they may not have updated information or knowledge about COVID-19 transmission, or the local expectations or regulations put in place to encourage safe behaviours. Instead travellers may have COVID-19 practices that do not align with the expectations of the country they are in, so need information to make adjustments so they can live by the county’s current protocols and legislation.[4] So that travellers arriving into your country are able to act according to local advice, consider how to update travellers on practices they should follow, covering[5], [6], [7]:

• Major local developments on the virus
• The impact of those developments on new behaviours, expectations, curfews, etc.
• Information on the sorts of services that are available, including holiday-related and travel
• Information on regulations, behaviours, practices and expectations e.g. quarantine, self-isolation, track and trace procedures
• Information on residence permits and visas
• Information on onward travel, transiting through the country and returning home
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information

Appropriate channels should be considered to share this information with travellers e.g. travel providers, travel infrastructure providers, hotels.

References:

[1] https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-safer-travel-guidance-for-passengers#safer-travel-information-sheet

[2] https://www.airfrance.co.uk/GB/en/common/page_flottante/information/faq-coronavirus.htm

[3] https://travelupdates.abudhabiairport.ae/home

[5] https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/einreiseundaufenthalt/coronavirus

[6] https://www.government.nl/topics/coronavirus-covid-19/tourism-in-the-netherlands

[7] https://www.krisinformation.se/en/hazards-and-risks/disasters-and-incidents/2020/official-information-on-the-new-coronavirus/visiting-sweden-during-the-covid-19-pandemic

To plan for local outbreaks of the pandemic, local government in England were required to develop and publicise their Local Outbreak Plan on how they will manage any sporadic surges of the virus in their local area. To structure these outbreak control plans, UK public health authorities identified seven connected themes to cover: care homes and schools; high risk places and communities; methods for local mobile testing units; contact tracing and infection control in complex settings; integrating local and national data; supporting vulnerable people to self-isolate; establishing governance structures. Other countries (e.g. Ireland and New Zealand) have also required the development of outbreak control plans, especially for outbreaks in care homes.Consider how to:

• Review how other organisations have planned for outbreaks and learn from the contents of those plans
• Develop an outbreak control plan for how to manage a spike in COVID-19 case
• Use others' plans to confirm the contents of your plans and/or expand those contents
• How to exercise those plans and how to share the learning from those exercises with other organisations
• Developing bespoke outbreak control plans for specific sectors e.g. care homes

The avoidable death framework (ADF) considers avoidable deaths from disasters, including pandemics which are amenable (treatable), preventable, or both. Amenable deaths require timely and effective healthcare. Preventable deaths can be avoided through public health interventions such as epidemiology and surveillance, outreach, screening and health teaching.

Amenable death research can analyse:

• Waiting times and the impacts of delays on those who receive and those who give care e.g. the time interval between onset of symptoms and seeking medical interventions; the time interval between the arrival of the patient and commencing treatment
• Effectiveness of the health system including outcomes that are affected by the way the system works e.g. the application of COVID-19 treatment protocol. More amenable (treatable) deaths in a given region would indicate a less effective system

Preventable death research can analyse:

• Effectiveness of health interventions e.g. hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, social distancing, crowd control and lockdown
• Indirect deaths e.g. hunger, suicide

Consider how amenable and preventable deaths could be further effectively avoided through disaster risk governance which includes:

• Risk communication
• Coordination, collaboration and cooperation between the government and the general public; between governmental departments; and between the government and civil societies/multilateral organisations

As countries begin to open their border to international travel, there is much to consider, not least the information provided to travellers before they leave your country, as they travel, and as they enter your country.

Information provided to travellers before they leave their country is key, so travellers can prepare themselves to travel to an overseas destination with the right supplies and knowing the expected behaviours. This is especially important during COVID-19 where countries have differing regulations regarding social distancing, travel within the country, and fines. Consider providing a government-issued 'safer travel information sheet' and advising travellers to download it before they leave the country. The information sheet could cover:

• Travel advisory for the country they are to visit
• Behaviours and supplies needed for COVID safe travel and at the destination e.g. face masks
• How to travel safely on all legs of the trip (from home to final destination) e.g. not arriving too early at departure points, ticketing, parking
• Expectations for safe travel practices such as social distancing, required face coverings and when/how to wear masks
• Tips for travelling using all types of transport e.g. cars, aircraft, ferries
• Exemptions for people e.g. who does not need to wear a face covering
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information

The travel industry has a central role in advising travellers of travel-related and destination-specific COVID-19 information. The travel industry can provide advice to:

• Prepare travellers for practical departure and arrival procedures e.g. temperature sensors, health declaration forms
• Practice COVID-19 behaviours whilst travelling e.g. mask wearing, personal interactions, expectations on children and infirm
• Provide up to date information to travellers on the COVID-19 situation in the arrival country and how to access current information during their stay
• Identify what travellers should do if they suspect they have symptoms during their stay and before they travel home
• Inform travellers of mandatory acts on arrival, such as registering or downloading a mandated track and trace phone app
• Educate travellers on the local expectation for behaving safely in the country and local means of enforcement
• Detail what travellers should do on arrival e.g. quarantine, self-isolation, in the case of a local lockdown
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information
• Penalties for non-compliance with local requirements for COVID-19

When travellers land in a different country, or even return to their home country, they may not have updated information or knowledge about COVID-19 transmission, or the local expectations or regulations put in place to encourage safe behaviours. Instead travellers may have COVID-19 practices that do not align with the expectations of the country they are in, so need information to make adjustments so they can live by the county's current protocols and legislation. So that travellers arriving into your country are able to act according to local advice, consider how to update travellers on practices they should follow, covering:

• Major local developments on the virus
• The impact of those developments on new behaviours, expectations, curfews, etc.
• Information on the sorts of services that are available, including holiday-related and travel
• Information on regulations, behaviours, practices and expectations e.g. quarantine, self-isolation, track and trace
• Information on residence permits and visas procedures
• Information on onward travel, transiting through the country and returning home
• Where to find more information, key contacts and their contact information

Appropriate channels should be considered to share this information with travellers e.g. travel providers, travel infrastructure providers, hotels.

To read this case study in its original format (including references), follow the source link below to TMB Issue 14 p.15-16.

Data protection does not stop an organisation asking employees whether they are experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms or introducing appropriate testing. Consider the following to ensure data protection compliance:

• Only collect and use information that is necessary to ensure the workplace is safe. Decide if the same result can be achieved without collecting personal information
• Only keep information temporarily or justify if a permanent record of information is needed
• Be clear, open and honest with staff about their personal information, how and why you need it, who you will share their information with, and for how long
• Treat people fairly and think carefully about any detriment or discrimination staff might suffer if the information is retained and shared
• Keep people's information secure and consider when personal information needs to be anonymised
• Enable staff to exercise their information rights, and discuss any concerns

Conduct a data protection impact assessment.

Existing resilience strategies should be amended in real-time to include long and short-term actions to combat the effects of COVID-19. This should include consideration of pre-existing vulnerabilities such as local socio-economic conditions, and environmental risk such as heatwaves and floods. Consider evaluating all indicators of all resilience programmes to weave COVID-19 impacts and indicators into sustainable resilience planning. This helps accommodate COVID-19 into existing long-term city plans, rather than trying to build resilience purely around COVID concerns

This lesson was contributed to by Chief Resilience Officers in the USA and Colombia, during project data collection.

We have produced a video on how local authorities can begin processes for recovery and renewal: https://bit.ly/2BORO2e. It outlines how resilience partnerships can develop recovery strategies and ambitious plans for renewal of their areas. It covers how to:

• establish the basics of Recovery
• set up a Recovery Coordinating Group
• assess impacts from COVID-19
• implement recovery strategies

Recently, European Union countries have begun enforced lockdowns in smaller regions in response to new outbreaks of COVID-19, rather than bringing the entire country to a halt. 'Smart lockdowns' have been undertaken in Germany, Portugal, Italy, and the UK where local governments have declared local lockdown where cases of COVID-19 could not be contained.

Special consideration should be given to the identified causes of spikes in transmission. Localised COVID-19 outbreaks in Europe and the USA share a number of similarities. In most cases, overcrowded living conditions, poor working conditions, cultural practices, and/or limited socio-economic capital point to increased risk of infection and transmission. In Warendorf (Germany) and Cleckheaton (England), outbreaks were attributed to abattoirs and meat factories , which often employ migrant workers in poor working conditions on low-paid contracts. While the outbreak in Cleckheaton does not seem to have spread into the community, the fallout from the abattoir in Germany resulted in the lockdown of the city of Warendorf. Similar patterns are being witnessed in the USA, where workers from meat processing plants in Georgia, Arkansas and Mississippi, who are predominantly migrant workers or people of colour, have died from the virus or have become infected.

Conversely, in Marche (Italy) and Lisbon (Portugal) outbreaks originated in migrant communities that were living in overcrowded quarters or experiencing unsafe working conditions. Similarly, this week in Leicester (England), a local lockdown has been enforced. Possible reasons for the spike in cases shares stark similarities to the local lockdowns that have gone on elsewhere.

Reportedly, in Leicester some garment factories continued to operate throughout the crisis and forced their workers to work despite high levels of infection. Wage exploitation of the largely immigrant workforce, failure to protect workers' rights in Leicester's garment factories (a subject of concern for years), and poor communication of lockdown rules with Leicester's large ethnic minority community have all contributed to a resurgence in the disease.

Secondly, the East of the city, suspected to be the epicenter of the outbreak, has extreme levels of poverty, is densely packed with terraced housing, and has a high proportion of ethnic minority families where multi-generational living is common.

These patterns barely differ from the spike in cases in Singapore in May 2020 in which Singapore's progress on tackling COVID-19 was halted as tens of thousands of migrant workers contracted the disease due to poor living conditions and being neglected by testing schemes as their migrant status and relative poverty meant they were overlooked by the government.

Implementing smart lockdowns requires:

• Outbreak control plans for the COVID-19 partnership to be developed, written, and communicated to wider partners, specifying their role in the outbreak response
• Collaborate closely across the public sector to understand possible at-risk communities e.g. minority groups, migrant workers, those in poor or insecure housing, those in particular occupations
• Identify new cases early through rapid testing and contact tracing and sharing timely data across agencies
• Decide the threshold at which a cluster of new cases become an outbreak
• Decide the threshold at which an outbreak triggers the lockdown of an area, and how the size of that area is determined
• Collaborate closely with the public sector to communicate and enforce local lockdowns e.g. the police, the health and social sector, local leaders
• Ensure there is capacity in local-health care systems to respond to the outbreak
• Collaborate with citizens to ensure good behavioural practices are understood and adhered to e.g. hand washing, social distancing at work and in public areas
• Ensure the parameters of the local lockdown are clear. For example, in a UK "local authority boundaries can run down the middle of a street" which makes it different to differentiate what is appropriate for a city or region, and to understand how a local community identifies with the place and boundaries in which they live

Local outbreaks, whether in migrant worker accommodation, meat factories or impoverished areas of a city, clearly underscore the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on minority, migrant, and poor communities. Increased engagement with, and attention to ethnic minority groups, marginalised people and impoverished communities is key to staving off local and national resurgences of COVID-19. Strong multi-organisational partnerships are required to account for varying needs and concerns with certain communities including addressing their living and working conditions and the risks this poses to public health.

To read this case study in its original format (including source links and references, follow the source link below.

In one city in Colombia, the local authorities decided on a campaign based on the idea of looking out for one another, and the slogan "Let's get our hands back into work, while looking out for each other". Involving local residents included:

• taking photographs of residents' hands working on relatable activities e.g. local bakers baking bread, or greengrocers laying out fruit and vegetables in the local store. The campaign also included photographs of residents' eyes
• preparing posters for city-wide use of the images and slogan

The campaign successfully involved people from the community literally looking out at, and for, one another, and improved engagement with the message.

This lesson was contributed by a Chief Resilience Officer in Colombia during project data collection.

View all issues of The Manchester Briefing: https://www.alliancembs.manchester.ac.uk/research/recovery-renewal-resilience-from-covid-19/briefings/

Lessons should be learned to assess the response and identify improvements. Some debriefs only collect 'obvious' comments as they give limited time to participants to co-create more sophisticated learning and critically appraise each other's comments. Some processes drown out informed people, and anonymity can encourage the sharing of extreme views that people would not normally offer or defend. On analysis, participants are not a homogenous group, but analysis may treat them as if they were, and results are generalised to 'how participants felt' which is inappropriate. To partly overcome some of these limitations, the process of debriefing may include five activities:

1. Surveys designed and interpreted with the above potential limitations in mind
2. Individual discussions with knowledgeable people to collect informed views, reasoning, and explore wider contexts
3. Analyse survey and individual views by respondent-type to identify themes for further analysis
4. Facilitated group discussions with knowledgeable people who build on each other's view to generate new understanding, and agree a final 'lessons learned' that accommodates competing perspectives
5. Facilitated action planning with knowledgeable people to agree an action plan to address the lessons

Isolation and loneliness is a big issue in rural communities which has been heightened by lockdown. Consider projects such as ConnecTED Together that offer:

• A phone befriending service
• Signposting to other agencies
• Fortnightly packs that are emailed featuring news, reviews, quizzes, short stories, and recipes
• A dedicated YouTube channel with video features on themes such as exercise, healthy eating and working with technology
• 'How to' guides e.g. use of digital devices

Campaigns that include the KnitTED Together campaign where people can share pictures of creative knitting and experiences via social media

The WHO developed a risk communication and community engagement readiness checklist. It outlines six areas for consideration:

1. Risk communication systems e.g. Strengthen the surge capacity of communicators and community engagement expert
2. Internal partner coordination e.g. Assess the communication capacity of partners: identify typical audiences and communication channels
3. Public communication e.g. Review the roster of spokespeople at all levels; list their areas of expertise in COVID-19
4. Community engagement e.g. Establish methods for understanding the concerns, attitudes and beliefs of the community
5. Addressing uncertainty, perceptions and managing misinformation e.g. Establish dialogue in activities to systematically collect and provide answers to questions from the public
6. Capacity building e.g. Consider what training will be needed

The evacuation and shelter of people during a major emergency is a challenging task under normal conditions but, in the context of COVID-19, social restrictions, and potential to transmit the virus, it becomes even more complex. When planning for evacuation and shelter during COVID-19, consider:

• Provide more transport to comply with social distancing measures
• Rapidly expand shelter capacity, through building or identifying a greater number of current buildings for use as shelters, so as provide greater areas for social distancing
• Consider adapting industries to help prepare for a safer evacuation of populations away from high risk areas. For example, repurposing the garment industry to manufacture personal protective equipment (PPE) for volunteers use in Bangladesh
• Separate suspected COVID-19 patients in specific separate shelters
• Reducing chances of person to person contact by introducing public announcements/mass communication tools such as community radio and electronic media
• Create operational systems which allow for autonomy so responders can work efficiently without constant contact with HQ's if they happen to be under different lockdown restrictions
• Combine early warning messages with Covid-19 warning messages

We consider here Recovery and Renewal and explore how recovery actions relate to the concept of Renewal, which we have discussed in previous weeks of The Manchester Briefing. We also consider the extent to which recovery actions will extend into renewal, and whether they may fizzle out as fatigue as other priorities, such as Brexit, close in.

To read this briefing in full, follow the source link below to TMB Issue 11 (p.2-7).

Cognitive bias affect how events are remembered and how people behave, so can influence decision-making that can impact recovery. For example, not showing symptoms of COVID-19 may lead people to think that they are immune or won't infect others. Other cognitive bias is related to people's selectivity about what they pay attention to and so what they do in response to public health advice. Cognitive bias may be mitigated by:

• Communicating testimonials and stories to challenge thinking about practices that are safe and unsafe
• Sharing transparent and consistent information across all platforms to reduce misinformation and distrust
• Providing easy to find information through mechanisms such as Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) to reduce ambiguity

Providing information that supports collective action so people feel they are part of solving the problem

This lesson was contributed by a Risk Manager in Australia during project data collection.

Consider using the Emergency Planning College Business Continuity (BC) checklist to understand how well BC is incorporated into core areas such as risk management (see BS65000 for further examples). The checklist provides signposting to relevant guidance. Example guidance includes:

Roles, responsibilities and competencies

• Identify BC roles and command and control structures e.g. strategic leads; BC advisor/coordinator; incident management etc
• Promote effective leadership (e.g. ISO22301; ISO22330)
• Document information including plans, procedures, roles and competencies, and the recording of decisions, actions and rationale (e.g. ISO22301: Clause 7.5)

Monitoring and evaluation and decision making

• Effectively monitor impacts and use of trusted, key guidance for BC to inform decisions
• Agree decision-making methodology and governance structures for BC
• Use models such as the Joint Decision Model (JDM) for making decisions for multi-agency response or organisational level
• Agree processes for effectively standing response down, including decision makers and deciding factors (e.g. ISO22301: Clause 8.4.4.3)

Recovery of businesses and Maintenance of BC

• Promote recovery as a chance for innovation of current processes, organizations, communities and behaviours, which is in keeping with 'Continual Improvement' (e.g. ISO22301: Clause 10.2; 'Innovation' in BS65000)
• Advocate the lifecycle of the BC plan and the accuracy of priorities and how lessons are learned from incidents